Ladle metallurgy furnaces are used to modify the steel chemistry by pushing thin wires of ferroalloys into the liquid steel. These modifications are needed to a...

Microalloyed low carbon steels are widely used in various applications due to their improved mechanical properties. The lining plates of large ball mills are an...

Corrosion is a diffusion-controlled process that can be strongly influenced by specific chemical conditions. The key rate-controlling factors are the availabili...

Calcium refining is one of the techniques for improving the quality of steel. It has a profound effect on the size distribution, content, and morphology of incl...

Industrial experiment and thermodynamic calculation have confirmed that calcium treatment can modify alumina inclusions into 12CaO*7Al2O3 and CaS. SEM mapping a...

Despite the progress made in inclusion control in recent decades, significant challenges remain. These include the clogging of the steel ladle by oxide and sulf...

Calcium plays an essential role in the steel industry, being used as a deoxidizer in electric arc furnaces and AOD converters. It is also a desulfurizer.Silicon...

Desulfurization is an important process to reduce the sulphur content in liquid steel. This helps to meet low sulfur specifications for finished steel products....

Steel purity plays a critical role in determining the final mechanical properties of a product. Non-metallic inclusions are problematic and must be controlled a...

Ca additions reduce oxygen and sulphur content in liquid steel and control the shape of remaining sulphide inclusions. This control improves cleanliness and duc...