Adding calcium to the steel melt transforms solid alumina inclusions into liquid ones that do not clog the casting nozzle. This is one of the main applications...

Inclusion control in steel is a challenging issue. Several methods have been developed for controlling the concentration and composition of oxide inclusions in...

Calcium is a metal like copper, aluminum, and gold but unlike those it does not have magnetic properties. To become magnetic a material needs unpaired electrons...

Creep is a stress-dependent phenomenon which combines self diffusion and slippage at grain boundaries. Creep-resistant steels are characterized by having low cr...

Ladle metallurgy furnaces are used to modify the steel chemistry by pushing thin wires of ferroalloys into the liquid steel. These modifications are needed to a...

Microalloyed low carbon steels are widely used in various applications due to their improved mechanical properties. The lining plates of large ball mills are an...

Corrosion is a diffusion-controlled process that can be strongly influenced by specific chemical conditions. The key rate-controlling factors are the availabili...

Calcium refining is one of the techniques for improving the quality of steel. It has a profound effect on the size distribution, content, and morphology of incl...

Industrial experiment and thermodynamic calculation have confirmed that calcium treatment can modify alumina inclusions into 12CaO*7Al2O3 and CaS. SEM mapping a...

Despite the progress made in inclusion control in recent decades, significant challenges remain. These include the clogging of the steel ladle by oxide and sulf...