Calcium refining is one of the techniques for improving the quality of steel. It has a profound effect on the size distribution, content, and morphology of incl...

Industrial experiment and thermodynamic calculation have confirmed that calcium treatment can modify alumina inclusions into 12CaO*7Al2O3 and CaS. SEM mapping a...

Despite the progress made in inclusion control in recent decades, significant challenges remain. These include the clogging of the steel ladle by oxide and sulf...

Calcium plays an essential role in the steel industry, being used as a deoxidizer in electric arc furnaces and AOD converters. It is also a desulfurizer.Silicon...

Desulfurization is an important process to reduce the sulphur content in liquid steel. This helps to meet low sulfur specifications for finished steel products....

Steel purity plays a critical role in determining the final mechanical properties of a product. Non-metallic inclusions are problematic and must be controlled a...

Ca additions reduce oxygen and sulphur content in liquid steel and control the shape of remaining sulphide inclusions. This control improves cleanliness and duc...

The calcium used in the deoxidizing alloy is absorbed into the steel melt, forming a strong oxide that absorbs oxygen much more effectively. This reduces the co...

Calcium treatment can modify the morphology of B-type inclusions. It can transform oxide inclusions into spherical semi-liquid or liquid calcium aluminates and...

Fatigue is damage to materials caused by repeated cyclic stresses which eventually lead to crack formation and eventual failure. This material destruction can o...