Calcium additions increase fluidity of the liquid steel, reduce oxide inclusions and modify their composition and shape. This makes steel much more isotropic, i...

Calcium refining agents play a key role in the steel industry. They can scavenge oxygen and sulfur, increase the fluidity of molten steel, and control non-metal...

Steel is an extremely strong and versatile material used in a wide variety of products from buildings to cars. However, steel is susceptible to corrosion that c...

Adding calcium to the steel melt transforms solid alumina inclusions into liquid ones that do not clog the casting nozzle. This is one of the main applications...

Inclusion control in steel is a challenging issue. Several methods have been developed for controlling the concentration and composition of oxide inclusions in...

Calcium is a metal like copper, aluminum, and gold but unlike those it does not have magnetic properties. To become magnetic a material needs unpaired electrons...

Creep is a stress-dependent phenomenon which combines self diffusion and slippage at grain boundaries. Creep-resistant steels are characterized by having low cr...

Ladle metallurgy furnaces are used to modify the steel chemistry by pushing thin wires of ferroalloys into the liquid steel. These modifications are needed to a...

Microalloyed low carbon steels are widely used in various applications due to their improved mechanical properties. The lining plates of large ball mills are an...

Corrosion is a diffusion-controlled process that can be strongly influenced by specific chemical conditions. The key rate-controlling factors are the availabili...