The use of electrochemical methods is widespread in many fields, including the environmental and biological sciences. For electrochemical measurements, it is crucial to select the correct working electrode. Carbon-based materials, such as graphite and carbon microspheres, are excellent candidate electrodes to implement in point-of-care devices due to their affordability, facile modification, and superior electron transfer kinetics. The current article describes the characterizations of carbon paste electrodes with functionalized nanomaterials.
Several carbon based electrochemical techniques have been developed in order to measure neurotransmitters. This includes dopamine (DA), 5 hydroxytryptamine(5HT) and epinephrine. The use of point-of-care devices requires a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective method for the quantification of these compounds. CPEs are gaining attention in this context due to the simplicity of their construction and high sensitivity.
A series of antioxidants containing phenol was used to investigate the voltammetric responses. The voltammetric responses are closely related to chemical structures of compounds as well as their reaction with carbon paste electrode surfaces. G-CPEs have the lowest detection limits for the compounds investigated. The CNT and CNT CPE show the best stability and kinetic properties, respectively. Interestingly, the CNT-CPE also displays good selectivity for all the tested antioxidants.
To improve the performance of CPEs, they were modified with different functionalized nanomaterials such as boron-doped diamonds (BDDE), poly(diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium) chloride reduced graphene oxide (PDDARGO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTCPE). The electrochemical behavior of these materials was compared to that of unmodified graphite. These nanomaterials significantly enhanced the voltammetric signal recorded to detect DA, 5HT and EP. Using differential pulse voltammetry, the maximum reversible detection limit of DA was 0.12 mM, and for EP it was 0.05 mM.
They also describe the development and testing of a new sensor based upon PDDARGO/MWCNTCPE to determine DA levels in human urine. This sensor uses a reliable and simple approach for detecting neurotransmitters. The sensor can be operated at room temperature and is suitable for the point-of-care testing in hospitals. The results suggest that these sensors can be used as a promising tool for the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. These results show the sensor's ability to be used for evaluating the effectiveness of antidepressant medication. This technique is useful for the clinical trial of these medications and can improve patients' quality of living.
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