Calcined Petroleum Coke is a raw material for producing carbon anodes in aluminum smelting. It is typically supplied to steel, foundries, and aluminum manufacturers. Since 1986, Aminco has been supplying calcined petroleum coke to industries around the world. Traditionally, Aminco's supply originated from the United States and Europe, but in 2000, they began supplying the market in emerging countries such as China and India.
Today, calcining technologies vary. They can be rotary, shaft, or hybrid. In addition, the size of the raw coke and the degree of coking can affect the process. Rotary kilns are usually sloped. This results in lower fines loss.
Shaft calcining is a widely used technology. The process can produce a higher density anode. However, this method can also result in cracking during baking. Anodes are commonly used in aluminum and aluminium alloys.
Rotary kilns are also used in the cement industry. These kilns are constructed with steel shells lined with refractory brick. They can measure between 30-85 meters in length. They are also equipped with waste heat energy recovery systems. Such systems recover the waste heat energy from the hot flue gases in the pyroscrubber. This energy can be converted to power with a steam turbine generator.
Another common calcining process involves direct quenching of coke. This is followed by cooling it in a rotary cooler. Some calciners have also introduced desulfurization processes to decrease the sulfur content of calcined petroleum cokes.
While these calcining methods have their own merits, they can be expensive. In addition, they are often associated with emissions of particulate matter. Furthermore, they can result in gaseous emissions. Therefore, more sophisticated blending practices are expected to continue.
As for the quality of the calcined petroleum coke, it is important to understand the difference between fuel grade and anode grade. Fuel grade coke has more sulfur and V in its composition. Compared to fuel grade coke, anode coke is characterized by higher carbon content, a low S, and a desired shape.
A key point to remember when evaluating the calcining method is the type of heat exchanger that is used. Most rotary kilns are equipped with waste heat energy recovery systems. Moreover, many of these kilns are built with a high-temperature refractory brick wall. This helps prevent heat loss from the lateral of the heat exchanger.
To determine the physical parameters of the calcined petroleum coke, the following equations can be used. The first equation is a simple model of a heat exchanger. This model is based on the Euler-Euler model and simulates heat transfer between particles in a gas-solid fluidized bed.
The second equation calculates the coefficient of heat conductivity. This is a measure of the heat transfer between the particle and the rotary kiln. The third equation determines the flow of particles in the rotary kiln. Similarly, the fourth equation measures the volume of the kiln. By analyzing these equations, we can conclude that the heat transfer is dependent on the number of particles, the size of the particle, the particle orientation, and the temperature of the kiln.
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