High-temperature resistant anthracite carbon is a popular filter media, which has many uses in industrial water treatment. It can be used to remove organic matter, colloidal particles and suspended matter from water in order to improve the quality. It has other advantages, such as being acid- and alkali-resistant, heat resistant and not easily damaged. It also has a high filtering efficiency that can last a long period of time. It is easy to backwash which reduces costs and saves energy.
Anthracite coal has higher carbon and purity than coal. It is found in a few countries around the world and is mined for special fuel, in metallurgy, and as a raw material for making graphite electrodes. The main raw materials for making anthracite are lignite, bituminous coal and brown coal. Lignite is a type of low-coalification coal with high moisture and volatile components, and is prone to spontaneous combustion. It's also difficult graphitize making it a less desirable energy source than anthracite.
In the present study, a variety of lignites were heated to various temperatures in order for the electrical resistivity and mineral composition to be observed. The XRD patterns for the lignite samples showed that their structure was more and more like graphite. This is shown by the shrinking FWHM of the D1 band and the G band. It also had a greater ID1/IG value, indicating that more oxygen-containing functional group were being removed from carbon structures.
The electrical resistance of carbon materials was found to decrease with heat treatment temperatures, reaching fossil carbon levels at temperatures above 1400 C. Particle size, however, had only a small impact.
Anthracite is a dense material that can be used in multi-media filter systems. Its unique density allows it to stay above lighter media like Filter Sand and Manganese Greensand, preventing them from clogging up the filtration bed. It can improve the efficiency of the filter system and lower maintenance costs. It also reduces the amount of backwashing and total head loss. It can be used as a replacement for filter sand when silica use is prohibited. Anthracite can also be used as a "cap" for the filtration of iron and manganese, preventing these minerals from precipitating out of the solution during the filtration process. The longer the filter runs, the better the quality of the water. The authors wish to thank Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group and Advanced Analysis & Computing Center of China University of Mining and Technology, for their support of the research.
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