Electrode Paste is used to produce the front electrode of crystalline silicon solar cell. It is composed of metal powders, glass frits, one or more additives, and organic carriers. The conductive paste helps to form an ohmic contact with the n-type semiconductor material of the solar cell. This is most often done with silver. It's particle size needs to be controlled for the correct ohmic connection with the silicon based material of a semiconductor. The metal particles can cause a short-circuit if they are large enough to penetrate the emitter and reach the n type semiconductor material.
The metallic powder must also be able sinter to form an electrode material that is dense and electrically conductible. Glass frit must provide mechanical bonding between the metal powder and semiconductor material. In addition, the glass frit must be capable of allowing the releasing of the organic carrier from the metallic powder. The organic carrier is preferably a mixture of organic solvents and dispersant reagents as well as thixotropic reagents. The conductive paste may also contain other additives that enhance the performance of screen printing.
A combination of glass frit, metallic powder and corrosion binder is used to make the conductive paste that forms the front electrode for a crystalline silicone solar cell. All of these ingredients must carefully be selected to ensure that the final product is reliable and of high quality. These ingredients also need to be perfectly combined to achieve the best possible performance of the electrode. This is especially true for silver powder. Silver crystal grains may be oversized and can cause short-circuits if they penetrate the P/N junction. Undersized silver crystal grains may not make it to the P-N junction resulting in low power output.
The conductive paste contains thixotropic and wetting dispersant agents in addition to the precise composition of metallic powder and glass frit. Thixotropics agents in particular can stop the metallic particles from melting prematurely. Thixotropic substances also allow the organic carriers to pass through the powder in a controlled and orderly manner, and thus prevent gaps from being formed between the powder particles.
The carbon electrode paste is fed into a smelting furnaces column in different forms, including cylinders, eggs and briquettes. Its ohmic and water-resistant properties make it suitable to be used in harsh industrial environments. Self-baking electrodes are an alternative to prebaked ones. It is made of calcined petroleum coal, anthracite and other carbonaceous substances. The paste is then bound with coal-tar pitch. The paste is then pressed and baked. Orient Carbon Industry produces the electrode paste for the solar industry in a variety of shapes and sizes.
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