Anthracite has a high carbon content and is an extremely coalified hard coal. This coal has a high fixed carbon percentage of 92%. It also contains low levels of moisture, ash or sulphur. The calcination of the material at high temperatures in gas and electric furnaces can reduce volatile matter and moisture, and improve thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. It is the best choice as a carburant for steel furnaces and it can significantly lower the consumption of fuel oil, thus reducing the operating cost and improving the energy efficiency of the plant.
This process involves heating solid carbons such as coal to temperatures between 1,000 and 3000 degC in a reducing or inert environment. Calcination increases the thermal and electrical conductivity of anthracite by improving its structural stability. It also changes the microstructure to resemble graphite. In order to produce high quality anthracite for use in iron and steelmaking, calcination plays a crucial role.
Electrically calcined (ECA), and gas calcined, anthracite coal are the two different types. ECA, which is produced in electric-arc furnaces, is higher in carbon fixed, has less sulfur and ash and more moisture. Anthracite from this anthracite can be used to manufacture Prebake Electrodes, Soderberg & Ramming Pastes, Cathode Blocks & Carbon electrodes. Also, it is used to fuel basic oxygen and a blast furnace.
Research on friction performance of anthracite shows that the morphological characteristics play a critical role in its ability to perform as a solid lubricant. Lubricity comes in large part from the ease of rolling spherical powders on a metal surface. There is a linear relationship between friction and load. The linear correlation appears to be dependent on both the density of the material and the order in which a single crystallite is stacked along the "c" graphite axis. In order to maximize the friction properties of anthracite, it is important that these properties be used in the calcination process.
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